近期，中国通过多项新法规进一步扩大其反制裁工具箱，以应对美国和欧盟的制裁及出口管制措施 [1]。这些新规旨在保护国家主权、安全和发展利益，并授权对被视为实施“不当域外管辖”的外国实体进行报复 [1]。此举导致跨国企业在遵守西方制裁与中国法律之间面临日益复杂的合规困境和潜在风险 [1]。
自今年 3 月以来，中国先后通过两项新法规以扩大反制能力，主要针对威胁供应链安全或对中国行使“不当域外管辖”的外国实体 [1]。根据同年 3 月通过的国务院令第 834 号规定，任何破坏中国产业或供应链的企业都将面临处罚 [1]。随后在 4 月，国务院发布第 835 号令指出，若企业实施“不当域外管辖”措施，可能面临罚款、签证取消、资产冻结及进出口限制等后果 [1]。此外，第三部法律草案已允许检察官起诉损害中国国家利益或社会公共利益的外国组织和个人 [1]。
此前在 2021 年 5 月，北京首次援引其“阻断法”，禁止中国公民和公司遵守针对购买伊朗石油的中国炼油厂的美国制裁 [1]。同年同月，司法部依据第 835 号令认定欧盟对中国安防公司同方威视的调查属于“不当域外管辖”[1]。
In recent months, China has enacted multiple new regulations to expand its counter-sanction capabilities in response to measures imposed by the United States and European Union [1]. These updates aim to protect national sovereignty, security, and development interests while permitting retaliation against foreign entities deemed to exercise "improper extraterritorial jurisdiction" [1]. Consequently, multinational corporations now face increasingly complex compliance dilemmas as they navigate between adhering to Western sanctions and complying with Chinese law [1].
Since March, China has passed two new regulations targeting foreign entities that threaten supply chain security or implement improper extraterritorial jurisdiction [1]. Under State Council Order No. 834, approved in March, enterprises damaging China's industry or supply chains face penalties [1]. Additionally, a third legal draft allows prosecutors to initiate lawsuits against foreign organizations and individuals harming national interests or public social welfare [1].
On April 25, the State Council issued Order No. 835 regarding countermeasures for improper extraterritorial jurisdiction by other countries' entities [1]. This order stipulates that companies implementing such measures may face fines, visa revocations, asset freezes, and restrictions on imports or exports [1]. In May of last year (2024), the Ministry of Justice cited Order No. 835 to determine that a European Union investigation into Chinese security firm Hikvision constituted improper extraterritorial jurisdiction [1].
China previously utilized its "blocking statute" in May 2021 for the first time, prohibiting Chinese citizens and companies from complying with US sanctions targeting Iranian oil purchases by Chinese refineries [1].